Table of Contents
Operators in Python
Operator is a symbol used in various computations performed on operands.
For example:
>>>20+3
here 20 and 3 are operands and ‘+’ is operator.
Types of Operators in Python
Depending upon the number of operands and required computations ,operators are divided in following major types:
1. Arithmetic Operator
2. Assignment Operator
3. Comparison/Relational Operator
4. Bit-wise Operator
5. Logical Operator
6. Membership Operator
7. Identity Operator
Arithmetic Operator
Arithmetic operators are used for mathematical calculations like addition, subtraction, modulus, division etc.
Operator | Description | Examples |
---|---|---|
+ | It adds value on either sides of operator or can be used as unary operatotr | a=8 b=2 a+b=10 |
- | It subtracts value of right operand from left operand or it can be used as unary minus | a=8 b=2 a-b=6 |
* | Multiplication of two operands | a=8 b=2 a*b=16 |
/ | Divides left operand with right operand | a=8 b=2 a/b=4.0 |
// (Floor operator) | This is used to carry out floor division ie. removes decimal values | a=8 b=2 a//b=4 |
%(modulus) | It is used to find remainder of division | a=8 b=2 a%b=0 |
**(exponent) | It is used to perform exponential calculation on operators(ie, left operand raised to the power of right) | a=8 b=2 a**b=64 |
Assignment Operator
‘=’ sign is the basic assignment operator used to assign values to variables.
In addition ,Python has a set of short hand assignment operators as follows:
Operator | Description | Example | Equivalent to |
---|---|---|---|
= | It is used to assign values of right side operands to left side | >>>a=5 >>>a 5 >>>b='itvoyagers" >>>b itvoyagers | a=5 b="itvoyagers" |
+= | It is used to add values of right side operands to left side operand and the result is assigned to left operand | x+=4 | x=x+4 |
-= | It is used to subtract values of right side operands from left side operand and the result is assigned to left operand | x-=4 | x=x-4 |
*= | It is used to multiply values of both operands and the result is assigned to left operand | x*=4 | x=x*4 |
/= | It is used to divide values of left side operands by right side operand and the result is assigned to left operand | x/=4 | x=x/5 |
%= | It is used to divide values of left side operands by right side operand and the resulting reminder is assigned to left operand | x%=4 | x=x%4 |
**= | It performs Exponential calculation and result is assigned to left operand | x**=4 | x=x**4 |
//= | It is used to divide values of left side operands by right side operand and the result is assigned to left operand by removing decimal places | x//=4 | x=x//4 |
Note : Other operator like logical , bit-wise etc can also be used as short hand assignment operator.
Comparison/Relational Operator
It is used to compare operands.It is also called as Relational operator.
It returns Boolean values as output (True or False).
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
== (equal to) | This returns true if both operands are true otherwise false | >>> a=8 >>> b=2 >>> c=8 >>> a==b False >>> a==c True |
> (greater than) | This returns True if left operand is greater than right operand otherwise false | >>> a=8 >>> b=2 >>> c=1 >>> a>b True >>> c>b False |
< (less than) | This returns True if left operand is less than right operand otherwise false | >>> a=8 >>> b=2 >>> c=10 >>> a False >>> a True |
>= (greater than or equal to) | This returns True if left operand is greater than or equal to right operand otherwise false | >>> a=5 >>> b=3 >>> c=5 >>> a>=c True >>> b>=a False >>> a>=b True |
<= (less than or equal to) | This returns True if left operand is less than or equal to right operand otherwise false | >>> a=8 >>> b=2 >>> c=2 >>> a<=b False >>> b<=c True >>> c<=a True |
!= (not equal to) | This returns True when operands are not equal otherwise false | >>> a=8 >>> b=2 >>> c=8 >>> a!=b True >>> a!=c False |
Bitwise Operator
It is used to perform operation on bit.
It performs bit by bit operations.
Operator | Name | Description | Example |
---|---|---|---|
& | Binary AND | Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both the operands. i.e. returns 1 when both operands are 1 and 0 otherwise | >>> w=5 >>> a=6 >>> w & a 4 >>> bin(a) '0b110' >>> bin(w) '0b101' >>> bin(4) '0b100' >>> |
| | Binary OR | Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in any of the operands. i.e. returns 1 when either of operand is 1 and 0 otherwise | >>> w=5 >>> a=6 >>> w | a 7 >>> bin(a) '0b110' >>> bin(w) '0b101' >>> bin(7) '0b111' |
^ | Binary XOR | It copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not in both. i.e.returns 1 if one operand is 1 and other is 0 and 0 otherwise | >>> w=5 >>> a=6 >>> w ^ a 3 >>> bin(a) '0b110' >>> bin(w) '0b101' >>> bin(3) '0b11' |
~ | Binary Ones Complement | It is unary operator and has effect of flipping bits | >>> w=5 >>> bin(w) '0b101' >>> ~w -6 >>> bin(-6) '-0b110' |
<< | Binary Left Shift | The left operand value is moved to left by the number of bits specified in the right operand | >>> w=5 >>> w << 2 20 >>> bin(20) '0b10100' |
>> | Binary Right Shift | The left operand value is moved to right by the number of bits specified in the right operand | >>> w=5 >>> w >> 2 1 >>> bin(1) '0b1' |
Logical Operator
This operator is used to perform logical operations used logical and, or and not.These operators are case sensitive.
It returns Boolean values as output (True or False).
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
and | Logical AND returns True if both operands are True. | >>> p=100 >>> q=500 >>> r=700 >>> q>p and q>r False >>> q>p and r>q True |
or | Logical OR returns True if either of the operands is True. | >>> p=100 >>> q=500 >>> r=700 >>> p>q or q>r False >>> q>p or q>r True |
not | Logical NOT is used to reverse the state of operand. | >>> a='' >>> not a True >>> b=10 >>> not b False >>> not q>p False |
Membership Operator
This operator is used to check if given variable is a part of specified sequence or not.
This operator (in and not in) can be used with strings, lists etc
It returns Boolean values as output (True or False).
Operators | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
in | It returns True if it finds variable in specified sequence , False otherwise | >>> 'I' in 'INDIA' True >>> 'i' in 'INDIA' False |
not in | It returns True if it does not find variable in specified sequence, False otherwise | >>> 'V' not in 'ITVoyagers' False >>> 'v' not in 'ITVoyagers' True |
Identity Operator
This operator is used to compare memory location of two objects.
id() is used to show memory location of any object.
This operator (is and is not) can be used compare memory location of two objects.
It returns Boolean values as output (True or False).
Operators | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
is | It returns True if the variable on both sides of operator are pointing to same object ,False otherwise | >>> f=88 >>> o=100 >>> g=88 >>> id(f) 1872877376 >>> id(g) 1872877376 >>> id(o) 1872877568 >>> f is o False >>> f is g True |
is not | It returns True if the variable on both sides of operator are pointing to different object ,False otherwise | >>> f=88 >>> o=100 >>> g=88 >>> id(f) 1872877376 >>> id(g) 1872877376 >>> id(o) 1872877568 >>> f is not o True >>> f is not g False |
Note:
Order of operations plays important role in python programming.
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